Emergency Substitutions
Using the ingredients recommended in the recipe is best.  But if you have to substitute, try the following:
Instead of :		Use:
Food	Amount	Substitute
		Mix 1 3/4 cups all-purpose flour, 2 1/2 tsp baking powder and
Baking Mix	2 Cups	3/4 tsp salt.  Cut in 1/3 cup shortening until mixture looks
		like fine crumbs
Baking Powder	1 teaspoon	1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 tsp cream of tartar
Balsamic Vinegar	1 tablespoon	1 Tbsp sherry or cider vinegar
Bread Crumbs,	1/4 cup	1/4 cup finely crushed cracker crumbs, corn flakes, or
Dry		quick-cooking or old-fashioned oats.
Broth, Chicken,	1 cup	1 tsp chicken, beef, or vegetable bouillon granules
Beef or Vegetable		(or 1 cube) dissolved in 1 cup boiling water.
Buttermilk or	1 cup	1 Tbsp lemon juice or white vinegar plus enough milk to make
Sour Milk		1 cup. Let stand a few minutes.  Or use 1 cup plain yogurt.
Capers	1 tablespoon	1 Tbsp chopped green onions
Chocolate
Semisweet baking	1 ounce	1 ounce unsweetened baking chocolate plus 1 Tbsp sugar.
Semisweet chips	1 cup	6 ounces semisweet baking chocolate, chopped.
Unsweetened baking	1 ounce	3 Tbsp baking cocoa plus 1 Tbsp shortening or margarine.
Cornstarch	1 tablespoon	2 Tbsp all-purpose flour or 4 tsp quick-cooking tapioca.
Corn Syrup
Light	1 cup	1 cup sugar plus 1/4 cup water.
Dark	1 cup	1 cup light corn syrup; 3/4 cup light corn syrup plus 1/4
		cup molasses; or 1 cup maple flavored syrup.
Eggs	1 Large	2 egg whites; 1/4 cup cholesterol-free egg product; 2 egg
		yolks (for custard or puddings); or 2 egg yolks plus 1 Tbsp
		water (for cookies or bars).
Flour
All-purpose	1 cup	1 cup plus 2 Tbsp cake flour.
Cake	1 cup	1 cup minus 2 Tbsp all-purpose flour.
Self-rising	1 cup	1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/2 tsp baking powder and
		1/2 tsp salt.
Garlic
(finely chopped)	1 medium clove	1/8 tsp garlic powder or 1/4 tsp instant minced garlic.
Gingerroot (grated	1 teaspoon	3/4 tsp ground ginger.
or finely chopped)
Herbs	1 tablespoon	3/4 to 1 tsp dried herbs.
(chopped fresh)
Honey	1 cup	1 1/4 cups sugar plus 1/4 cup water or apple juice.
Leeks (sliced)	1/2 cup	1/2 cup sliced shallots or green onions.
Lemon Juice (fresh)	1 tablespoon	1 Tbsp bottled lemon juice or white vinegar.
Lemon Peel (grated)	1 teaspoon	1 teaspoon dried lemon peel.
Milk	1 cup	1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water: or nonfat
(regular or low-fat)		dry milk prepared as directed on package.
Molasses	1 cup	1/2 cup honey 9flavor will be milder)
Mushrooms (fresh)	1 cup cooked (sliced)	1 can (4 ounces) mushroom stems and pieces, drained.
Mustard	1 tablespoon	1 teaspoon ground mustard (dry).
Orange Peel (grated)	1 teaspoon	1 teaspoon dried orange peel.
Poultry Seasoning	1 teaspoon	1/4 tsp ground thyme plus 3/4 tsp ground sage.
Pumpkin or Apple	1 teaspoon	Mix 1/2 tsp ground cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ground ginger,
Pie Spice		1/8 tsp ground allspice and 1/8 tsp ground nutmeg.
Red Pepper Sauce	3 or 4 drops	1/8 tsp ground red pepper (cayenne).
Sesame Seed	1 tablespoon	1 Tbsp finely chopped blanched almonds.
Sour Cream	1 cup	1 cup plain yogurt.
Sugar, Brown (packed)	1 cup	1 cup granulated sugar plus 2 Tbsp molasses or dark corn syrup.
Sugar (granulated)	1 cup	1 cup light brown sugar (packed) or 2 cups powdered sugar.
Tomato Paste	1/2 cup	1 cup tomato sauce cooked uncovered until reduced to 1/2 cup.
Tomato Sauce	2 cups	3/4 cup tomato paste plust 1 cup water.
Tomatoes (canned)	1 cup	About 1 1/3 cups cut-up fresh tomatoes, simmered 10 minutes.
Whipping Cream	1 cup	1 cup frozen (thawed) whipped topping or
(whipped)		1 cup prepared whipped topping mix.
Wine, Red	1 cup	1 cup apple cidre or beef broth.
Wine, White	1 cup	1 cup apple juice, apple cider or chicken broth.
Yeast (regular or	1 package	2 1/4 tsp regular or quick active dry or 1 package (0.6 ounce)
quick active dry)	(1/4 ounce0	compressed cake yeast.